Anatomy

Atlases

• Anatomy atlases – a digital library of anatomy information Curated by Dr Ronald A. Bergman, this site provides Atlases of Human Anatomy, Human Anatomy in Cross Section and Microscopic Anatomy

• Anatomy modules (University of Washington, USA) The illustrated Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity Muscle Atlases were developed by academics at the University of Washington

• Atlas images (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA) This gross anatomy site provides labelled images of the eye, nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, brain, spinal cord, thorax and hand

• Atlas of human embryology Charts, images and diagrams are provided with accompanying text. A range of aspects are covered, including “general embryology” (e.g. fertilisation) and “special embryology” (e.g. sense organs). Developed by private company Chronolab, Switzerland

• Digital anatomist interactive atlases (University of Washington, USA) A collection of interactive atlases created as part of the Digital Anatomist Project. Four atlases are provided, covering neuroanatomy, the brain, knee and thoracic viscera

• Multi-dimensional human embryo, atlas (University of Michigan) MRI and optical images are provided in addition to animations. Slice selection is enabled

• The whole brain atlas Hosted by Harvard University and developed by staff from Harvard and MIT, this site contains MR, CT and nuclear medicine images as well as movies. Normal and diseased brains are portrayed, with interactivity permitting selection of brain sections

Online reference works

• Anatomy glossary (University of Sydney) Academics from the School of Medical Sciences at the University of Sydney prepared and maintain this concise reference

• Anatomy of the human body This free online version of Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (20th edition, published 1918) is fully searchable. It includes a subject index and 1, 247 illustrations

• Illustrated encyclopaedia of human anatomic variation Prepared by medical professionals, this text provides description of anatomic variation in the muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory and skeletal systems

• On-Line Medical Dictionary (Newcastle University, UK) There are over 3600 anatomy terms in this dictionary created by Dr Graham Dark

Educational resources – tutorials, quizzes, etc

• Anatomy tables (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA) Available tables are organised either by system (e.g. muscles, lymphatics, joints) or region (e.g. thorax, abdomen, upper limb)

• Anatomy tutorials (GateWay Community College, USA) Access learning resources created by Dr James Crimando, including tutorials on neuroanatomy, skull anatomy, muscles, the thyroid gland, pituitary gland and heart. Quizzes and practice exams included

• Courseware (SUNY Downstate Medical Center) Available are the Human Anatomy Dissector (a step-by-step guide to dissection with quiz) Histology Lab Manual, a neuroanatomy atlas, virtual reality brain dissections (rotatable) and movies of dissections

• LUMEN (Loyola University Medical Education Network, USA) – Structure of the human body A variety of resources are provided to support student learning, including tutorials on dissection and cross-sectional anatomy (the latter using labelled images from the Visible Human Project overseen by the National Library of Medicine)

• Medical gross anatomy learning resources (University of Michigan Medical School, USA) A range of resources are provided to assist those learning anatomy, including surface anatomy diagrams, anatomy tables, atlas images, clinical cases, quizzes and games

• Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton (University of Washington, USA Dr Michael Richardson provides radiographic images of the upper extremity, lower extremity and spine. Labelled and unlabelled versions can be viewed

• Skull module (Department of Anthropology, California State University, USA) Provides labelled images, descriptions and QuickTime VR (interactive 3D) movies of the skull. Designed as an introductory tutorial for students of human cranial skeletal anatomy

• WebAnatomy (University of Minnesota) This site provides quizzes for entry-level students of anatomy and physiology, covering a broad range of topics including organ systems, cells, medical terms, muscles and skin. Diagrams are provided with multiple choice questions, and answers provided

Professional associations

• American Association of Anatomists AAA members include students, researchers and professionals with a focus on anatomical form and function. The organisation produces publications, facilitates networking, offers awards and serves a government advocacy role

• American Association of Clinical Anatomists AACA membership is open to professionals and students. The Association holds meetings, produces publications and has as objectives the promotion of research, publication and high professional educational standards

• The Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland The primary role of ASGBI is “promotion, development and advancement of the anatomical and related sciences”. The Society acts as a forum for educators and researchers, offers awards, convenes meetings and produces publications

• Australian and New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists (ANZACA) ANZACA membership is open to all with an interest in the anatomical sciences. The Association aims to advance the study, research, practice, teaching and scholarship of clinical anatomy and related disciplines

• British Association of Clinical Anatomists BACA seeks to “to advance the study and research into Clinical Anatomy for the public benefit” through meetings and publications

• European Association of Clinical Anatomy EACA holds a meeting every two years. It has a promotional and networking role in research and education, and membership is open only to qualified professionals